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The World Trade Organization Example For Free - Free Essay Example

Executive Summary The World Trade Organisation represents the unifying global association that brings divergent economies, legal systems, customs, internal policies and political systems into a sphere whereby a common ground in terms of a level playing field is established for all member nations. Favouritism, special interest, and other imbalances are eliminated to bring the term globalisation into a uniform as well as universal context. As is expected, the World Trade Organization has defined rules, regulations, procedures and processes to ensure this level playing field remains level, regardless of the size, influence or resources of its differing members. And therein lies the reason as to why it has been effective. And while there are critics who have their individualistic opinions and comments, some well-founded, and others not, no one has proposed another forum to improve upon and or replace the WTO, which dispute its imperfections, functions! The preceding represents the organisation that the Russian Federation is seeking admission to. Such has been a process that has entailed over a decade and is still not concluded. The reasons for the aforementioned shall be examine herein, as well as the changes, modifications and other facets that the country is being called upon to modify in accordance with accession rules. Given the past history of the Russian Federation, the transition to a market economy has and does represent substantive changes with regard to internal policies and practices impacting upon all areas of the countrys economy. Such transitional changes have been successfully broached by China as well as Vietnam and other former communist states, so the challenge facing the Russian Federation has precedent. This examination shall delve into the aforementioned accession process with respect to the Russian Federation, looking into the countrys most dominant and important industrial sections to gauge the impact the process has, is having and will have in terms of impact. Chapter 1 – Introduction In order to understand the context of the World Trade Organisation as well as its impact on Russia, and its industries, notably oil, gas, and construction, one must delve into the broad area of world trade in general as a foundational understanding for this examination. Globalisation has been utilised as a format to discuss as well as explain many issues, world trade of course being a major component of the foregoing. Mann (1993, p. 9) provides a broad understanding of the complexities and context of globalisation through his statement â€Å"In major transitions the fundamental interrelations, and very identities, of organisations such as ‘economies or ‘states become metamorphosed. Even the very definition of ‘society may change.† The broad reference in terms of globalisation as provided from the preceding points to the need to clarify this catch phrase as used by academia, politicians as well as journalists, and economists concerning its reference in terms of this examination to distinguish it in the context of utilisation. In its general sense, globalisation represents a short method â€Å"†¦of describing the spread and connectedness of production, communication and technologies across the world† (Smith and Doyle, 2002). The context that we utilise globalisation in this examination refers to the processes â€Å"†¦of reducing barriers between countries and encouraging closer economic, political, and social interaction† (Tabb, 1999). Globalisation is also described as â€Å"†¦the creation of international strategies by organizations for overseas expansion and operation on a worldwide level.† (BNET, 2007). As a word, and concept it, globalisation, entails the technological achievements in the fields of travel and shipping, airplanes, communications and data transfer, production and outsourcing, marketing and communications, regional trading organisations and trade blocks as well as ec onomics that has called for the increased recognition of expanding the visions of countries, governments and multinational corporations to include the world view (Berger, 2005, pp. 33-38). It, globalisation, is the processes that refer to increased global interconnectivity as well as integration with respect to economic, social, cultural, political, technological, and ecological practices as countries and companies must utilise a common ground to make their products, goods, services, and ideals acceptable on the world stages in response to other countries and companies competing to expand their influence and economic power (Raskin et al, 2002, pp. 15-13). Theodore Levitt is generally credited with coining the phrase ‘globalisation in 1983 through his book â€Å"The Globalization of Markets† (Harvard Business School, 2006), however, the term, globalisation, can be traced as far back as 1944 with the ending of the Second World War. There are historians as well as economists who indicate that the process of globalisation is a centuries old phenomenon that tracks the process of human expansion, and civilisation which over the past fifty years has intensified dramatically, taking on a more structured foundation that is underpinned by economics, and the needs for uniformity (ORourke and Williamson, 2001, pp. 1-7). An while globalisation, and politics are interrelated, as a result of governmental involvement, Shaw (1999, p. 1) advises that â€Å"†¦politics has been seen as secondary to globalisation; political institutions, forces and ideas are generally believed to be responding to phenomena which are located primarily in other social realms†. This view is also shared by Gray (1998, pp. 34-54) as well as Hirst and Thompson, 1996, pp. 23-41). They explain that globalisation is a reflection of economy, sociology as well as culture, along with philosophy, which has been demonstrated through history in terms of expansionism in the ancient as well as medieval worlds, with politics as the secondary facet. Nicholson (1999, p. 23) amplifies the foregoing in stating that â€Å"†¦there were big population moves from Europe to America, both North and South, followed by the equally large but involuntary movements of Africans to the Americas (prior to 1770, more African slaves than Europeans went to the Americas †¦Ã¢â‚¬ , and that â€Å"†¦Europeans opened up sea routes to India and interactions began even if they were not always welcome †¦Ã¢â‚¬ . The point of the preceding as well as what follows in terms of globalisation, is to illustrate how deeply embedded it is in the global economy as an historical fact that has taken on increased intensity in the twenty-first century. The impact, in terms of increased trade, brought about by globalisation is illustrated in the decrease in poverty rates as shown by the following: Table 1 – Decrease in Global Poverty Rates (World Bank, 2006) Area Demographic 1981 1984 1987 1990 1993 1996 1999 2002 Percentage Change 1981-2002 Less than $1 a day 57.7% 38.9% 28.0% 29.6% 24.9% 16.6% 15.7% 11.1% -80.76% Less than $2 a day 84.8% 76.6% 67.7% 69.9% 64.8% 53.3% 50.3% 40.7% -52.00% Less than $1 a day 9.7% 11.8% 10.9% 11.3% 11.3% 10.7% 10.5% 8.9% -8.25% Less than $2 a day 29.6% 30.4% 27.8% 28.4% 29.5% 24.1% 25.1% 23.4% -29.94% Less than $1 a day 41.6% 46.3% 46.8% 44.6% 44.0% 45.6% 45.7% 44.0% +5.77% Less than $2 a day 73.3% 76.1% 76.1% 75.0% 74.6% 75.1% 76.1% 74.9% +2.18% The preceding represents a critical facet in understanding the contribution of globalisation to the increase of living standards through trade, and increased economic activity, which benefits developed as well as under developed countries. Within the context of this examination, the following points to the importance of world trade in terms of Russia in comparison with the rest of the world: Table 2 – Growth in the Val ue of World Merchandise Trade by Region, 2000 – 2005 (World Trade Organization, 2006) As shown by the above, the annual global percentage change in terms of exports during 2000 through 2005 averaged 1 percent, with Russia recording an average growth rate of 18 percent. More telling is that during 2004 and 2005, Russia recorded a percentage increase of 35 and 33 percent, respectively, while the global average increase during those years was 22 and 13 percent. The following Table provides closer insight into the foregoing. Table 3 – World Merchandise Exports by Region (World Trade Organization, 2006) Russias share of world trade between 2000, and 2005 increased by 18 percent in comparison with a global increase of 10 percent, with the countrys increases during 2004 and 2005 recording increases of 36 and 28 percent respectively compared against global trade increases during those years of 22 and 13 percent. The foregoing is the backdrop in terms if unde rstanding the importance of global trade as well as its impact on the countrys economy as shall be further discussed in following chapters. Chapter 2 – Literature Review 2.1 The World Trade Organization The World Trade Organization (WTO) sets forth governing principles and uniformity regarding â€Å"†¦ the rules of trade between nations at a global level †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (World Trade Organization, 2007a). It represents the primary international organisation to aid in the promotion of free trade through its foundation of rules governing the process on an international level to provide an equitable playing field that is applicable as well as just, and fair to all nations (Free Trade and Globalization, 2007). Organized in 1995, the WTO is the outgrowth of understandings as well as practices that began from the failed International Trade Organization in 1948 (World Trade Organization, 2007b). That attempt was a result of the ‘General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade that was created as a result of the Bretton Woods Conference representing a segment of the larger plan for economic recovery in the aftermath of World War II (Hoekman and Kostecki, 1995, p. 1). Its origin, GATT â€Å"†¦can be traced to the U.S. governments Proposals for the Expansion of World Trade and Employment †¦Ã¢â‚¬  that was subsequently forwarded to all countries (Srinivasan, 1998, p. 9). The Soviet Union represented the notable exception in terms of accepting the preceding invitation, which had also elected not to join the World Bank (Srinivasan, 1998, p. 9). The council oversaw deliberations that resulted in a total of 123 bilateral agreements covering 50,000 items that were negotiated in over 1,000 meeting, which resulted in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade being adopted on 18 November 1947, and signed by 23 countries (Srinivasan, 1998, p. 9). The foregoing was formalised in 1947 at the first meeting of the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations held in Havana, Cuba, and said Proposals for the Expansion of World Trade and Employment were adopted unanimously (Srinivasan, 1998, p. 9). At that meeting the Economic and Social Council of th e United Nations â€Å"†¦appointed a preparatory committee for the conference consisting of the United States, Norway, Chile, Lebanon, and the fifteen countries invited by the United States for tariff-reduction negotiations. The Soviet Union again chose not to participate in the deliberations of the preparatory committee† (Srinivasan, 1998, p. 9). Between 1948 and 1994 GATT represented the only multilateral regulating body covering world trade in terms of uniform rules, requirements and measures, until it was replaced by the World Trade Organization in 1995 (Hoekman and Kostecki, 1995, p. 36). For the sake of clarity, GATT represented a set of rules for the conduct of international trade that operated without a solid institutional basis, having no provisional secretariat (UNESCO, 2007). In understanding GATT it is important to be cognizant that it, GATT, was a provisional agreement in terms of its legal status whereas the World Trade Organization, along with its agreements are permanent as well as mandatory (UNESCO, 2007). Another important distinction between the two is that GATT concerned itself only with the trade in goods, whereas the World Trade Organization covers trade in services, termed General Agreement on Trade of Services, trade related to intellectual property, which is called TRIPS as well as the trade in goods under GATT 1994, an updated version of the original GATT agreement of 1947 (UNESCO, 2007). In the World Trade Organization, its agreements are multilateral covering all member states, whereas under GATT the agreements were plurilateral, meaning selective (UNESCO, 2007). Finally, the World Trade Organization has a dispute settlement system that operates in a faster as well as more automatic methodology than the system under GATT, importantly, the WTO rulings cannot be blocked by any member states (UNESCO, 2007). The following provides a summarised illustrative timeline of GATT and the WTO: Table 4 – Time line of GATT and the WTO (Crowley, 2003, p. 43) Consisting of 150 member nations, from its original 23, the World Trade Organization oversees an estimated 97 percent of all global trade (Crowley, 2003, p. 42). The progress of the organisation in aiding in the increase of world trade as a result of the uniformity of its agreements, measures, and dispute resolution is shown by the following: Diagram 1 – Growth of Trade Among WTO Members and Tariff Decline, 1946 through 2001 (Crowley, 2003, p. 44) Reasons that are attributed to the foregoing success are found in the fact that the World Trade Organization represents reciprocity as well as non-discrimination. Reciprocity is the procedure in GATT negotiating rounds whereby a country offers to reduce a trade barrier, and a second country reciprocates through offering to reduce one of its trade barriers (Crowley, 2003, p. 44). Non-discrimination refers to equal treatment. The preceding means that if one country of fers a tariff concession, and or benefit to another member of GATT, said tariff concession, and or benefit must be offered to all GATT members (Crowley, 2003, p. 44). The foregoing two principles, reciprocity and non-discrimination, are termed by Bagwell and Staiger (2001) as the key reasons why the WTO has been successful in its role as the international arbiter of trade. In understanding the importance of the preceding, a brief discussion of tariffs within the WTO is in order. Tariffs are another form of tax, which raises the price consumers must pay for an item (goods), and either brings an imported item into price parity for a countrys domestically produced goods, or raises its price to make it more expensive in relationship to domestically produced goods (Adams et al, 1979, pp. 35-49). In the instance of smaller countries, they benefit from unilaterally lowering their tariffs as they are unable to affect the price of goods sold on the global market (Adams et al, 1979, pp. 35-49). In fact, raising tariffs for a small country would result in its being worse off as a result of the loss of welfare to consumers as transmitted by the higher prices resulting in a loss of efficiency in the market as a result of consumption distortion. In the instance of larger countries whereby their goods comprise a goodly share of the global market, a change in tariff pricing upward constitutes a different effect. This is reflected in the following figure: Diagram 2 Impact of a Tariff on a Large Country (Crowley, 2003, p. 45) The resulting scenario is more complicated. In the instances of a large country import demand represents a large share of the global market (Crowley, 2003, p. 45). As a result, the imposition of a tariff by a large country reduces import quantity demand, and causes global prices to fall (Crowley, 2003, p. 45). In terms of trade the preceding makes a country better off as it now can purchase imports at a lower price on the global mar ket (Crowley, 2003, p. 45). While the consumer pays a higher price on the imported good, the total welfare of the importing country is better off as government earns tariff revenues, and import competing producers thus earn higher profits (Crowley, 2003, p. 45). In terms of the preceding illustration, a key point that needs covering is the burden of the tax (tariff) resulting. The consumers in the subject large country pay a higher cost for the goods that are imported in this instance when the illustrative tariff is imposed, however they do not pay the full burden of the imposed tariff (Crowley, 2003, p. 45). The imposed tariff created a condition whereby the falling world price of the good impacts the foreign exporters who receive a smaller payment, thus the exporting country loses a portion of its purchasing power in terms of the global market in this scenario that worsens its trade (Crowley, 2003, p. 45). As a result some of the cost of the indicated tariff is off loaded onto the foreign producers in terms of the lowered price they receive (Crowley, 2003, p. 45). The foregoing is termed a ‘beggar tariff as the foreign producers suffer losses (Crowley, 2003, p. 45). The utilisation of this type of tariff by a large nation results in the importing country being better off, and thus the exporting country being worse off (Crowley, 2003, p. 45). Furthermore, the preceding produces what are termed as ‘inefficiencies in the global trading system that overall cause the net effect of said tariff to become negative as it produces inefficient distortions in production in both nations (Crowley, 2003, p. 45). The net / net of the foregoing is that the imposed subject example tariff is not good for the global economy as a whole, however, it benefits the importing country. The end of World War II provides an example of the preceding as many countries had high tariffs, which did not benefit the countries, and or consumers (Crowley, 2003, p. 4 5). Cooperative action on the part of countries as found under the WTO has increased the balance of good actions in terms of the foregoing dilemma. GATT, represented and represents the mechanism via which the short sighted self-interest equation has been balanced. GATT, and its reciprocal tariff reductions provided and provide such a mechanism (Narliker, 2003, pp. 12-14). In understanding the picture of global trade flows Hoekman and Kostecki (2001, p. 9) advise â€Å"Global trade flows are dominated by exchanges within and between the three major regions of the global economy (the so-called triad): Europe, North America, and East Asia. The principles and disciplines of the GATT helped governments to liberalize trade and to resist pressures for protection† the foregoing has aided in fostering increased integration of the worlds economy as a result of heightened trade levels. The centrepiece of the preceding is the World Trade Organization, which also works with the I nternational Monetary Fund, the World Bank as well as Regional Trading Blocks, and member government nations. The complexities of world trade, developing nations, and nations ascending to membership in the WTO brings with it economic, social, institutional, policies, and monetary ramifications whereby the WTO does not operate in a vacuum. The process of globalisation in todays terms means closer cooperation between various multilateral institutions in the critical roles of policy formulation as well as the differing elements constituting economic policy frameworks. The preceding means the participation and support along with assistance from the World Bank as well as the International Monetary fund in aiding developing, and ascension countries in meeting the rules, and policies to become a member of the WTO. In understanding the role of the World Trade Organization it is important to note that it does not define, and or specify outcomes for trade policies, it establishes a f ramework (Srinivasan, 1998, pp. 38-41). An example of the foregoing is provided by Article XXIX, Article 4 of the WTO, which aims â€Å"†¦to clarify the conditions under which a regional arrangement, free trade area, customs union or interim arrangement that, after a transition period, may give rise to a customs union or free trade area that is compatible with the GATT† (Landau, 2004, p. 88). The Article continues â€Å"†¦any preferential agreement between developed countries or between the latter and developing countries containing tariff preferences on a defined number of sectors is, on principle, compatible with the WTO. These arrangements must satisfy Article 4 of Article XXIV, in that they have been created in order to facilitate trade and not to form new trade barriers against non-member countries† (Landau, 2004, p. 88). It, Article XXIV, aims at ensuring regional trade arrangements result in the creation of trade as opposed to diverting it, and s eeing that adverse effects are reduced to their minimums (Landau, 2004, p. 88). In addition Article XXIV â€Å"†¦stipulates that customs duties and restrictive trade rules must be eliminated substantially on all sectors of trade originating from the territories of the regional area† (Landau, 2004, p. 88). The main objectives of the World Trade Organization are, 1). Transparency, 2). Coherence, and 3). Tariff Negotiation via which it guide the process. 2.2 The Russian Federation The Soviet Union, now known as the Russia Federation, represents a landmass that is four times the size of Europe, but having less than half of Europes population, and by comparison it is as large as the entire continent of North America (Summer, 1943, p. 1). The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics came into being in 1917, signalling the â€Å"†¦Stalinist revolution of planned industrialization and collectivisation †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Summer, 1943, p. 48). And while the change in regimes was dramatic, many things stayed essentially the same (Summer, 1943, p. 48): the â€Å"†¦ great centralisation of power †¦Ã¢â‚¬ , the â€Å"†¦ enormous range of state action †¦Ã¢â‚¬ , the â€Å"†¦ massive bureaucracy †¦Ã¢â‚¬ , the â€Å"†¦ extreme emphasis on the army †¦Ã¢â‚¬ , the â€Å"†¦ drastic use of force and the secret police †¦Ã¢â‚¬ , and the â€Å"†¦semi-deification of the leader or sovereign †¦Ã¢ €  In understanding the Soviet Union, one must be cognizant of four major facets that aid in the explanation of the preceding (Summer, 1943, p. 49): â€Å"†¦the problem of governing an immense area and a multitude of peoples with relatively low material and cultural standards †¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"†¦ the problem of defence †¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"†¦ the impossibility of a complete break with past customs, attitudes of mind and feeling, and ways of doing things †¦Ã¢â‚¬ , and â€Å"†¦ the communist view of the state †¦Ã¢â‚¬ . Lenins contribution to Russia was the doctrine of communism that provided â€Å"†¦the goal of communism and the vision of man new made and a revolutionary method the dictatorship of the vanguard of the proletariat organized through the Communist party and linked up with the masses through the soviets† (Summer, 1943, p. 49). â€Å"The idea both of party and of soviets was new to Russia in 1917, but they are the two institutional bases upon which the revolutionary regime has been built up† (Summer, 1943, p. 49). One of the outgrowths of the new Russia was the development of the largest militarised economy ever seen (Gaddy, 1996, p. 1). The preceding is important in understanding the context of the former Soviet economy, and the implications inherent in its ascension to the World Trade Organization. The military represented a â€Å"†¦process that affected the very nature of the system in both its political and economic dimensions† (Gaddy, 1996, p. 1). The foregoing is explained by Gaddy (1996, p. 1) as supported and fed by â€Å"Continual references to a military threat from without, intensified immensely by the campaigns of glorification of sacrifice and patriotism surrounding the victory in World War II, played a major role in creating and perpetuating the climate of secrecy and control that was necessary to justify unquestioning acceptance of Com munist rule†. It is important to understand that the militarist nature of the Soviet Union severely impacted, affected and underpinned the economic system within the country. The post – Soviet era in Russia has changed that underpinning, most notably the removal of restrictions on individuals (Gaddy, 1996, p. 1). The military industrial sector of the economy has been drastically reduced, with the armaments sector producing a very small portion of what it did in 1991 (Gaddy, 1996, p. 1). The importance of the preceding is that two out of three Russian workers who were engaged in military, and or weapons production in a system whereby militarisation represented the manner in which the State restricted free choice and allocated the countrys resources into its priority sectors (Gaddy, 1996, p. 1). While the foregoing is seemingly an issue of the past, the fact is in economic terms it is very much a part of the present, and thus germane to this examination of Russia s economy, and its accession into the World Trade Organisation. The foregoing understanding with regard to the lingering effects of public debt was brought forth by Shutaro Matsushita (1929, p. 5) in the late 1920s through his analysis of â€Å"The Economic Effects of Public Debts†, where he brought forth the concept of ‘forced loans or obligations. The preceding represents when the state undertakes to pursue a path of economic debt. The following reference does not specifically apply itself to the status of events in the Soviet Union, yet its implications in terms of economic consequences is apparent (Matsushita, 1929, p. 85): â€Å"When these government notes are suddenly issued, there is an increase in the medium of exchange, without any commercial necessity for such an increase, in other words, there, is an inflation of the currency. Prices will rise, commercial relations will be disturbed, and creditors will suffer severely. Prices rise because there is an augmented supply of money to carry on exchanges, without any necessary increase in the commodities to be exchanged. Commercial relations are disturbed because merchants and manufacturers must readjust themselves to the, sudden rise in the prices of goods. Creditors suffer, because the same nominal amount of money does not have as much purchasing power as before. Moreover, as is always the case in a period of rising prices, wage-earners suffer because the rise in wages always lags behind the rise in prices.† The size of the Soviet Union provides the country with a broad breathe of natural resources. At 22.4 million square kilometres the Soviet Union is almost four times the size of Europe, and only slightly smaller than North America (countrystudies.us, 2006). Given its vast expanse of land the country traverses a broad range of topography, thus providing it with exposure to differing types of natural resources as a result of the preceding. The country accounts for an estimated 20 percent of the global production of oil and natural gas, with large reserves of both (countrystudies.us, 2006). These reserves generate hard currency for the country, along with its vast reserves of â€Å"†¦ iron ore, manganese, chromium, nickel, platinum, titanium, copper, tin, lead, tungsten, diamonds, phosphates, and gold †¦Ã¢â‚¬  as well as huge timber reserves located in Siberia (countrystudies.us, 2006). This underpinning of vast natural resources is the core from which Russia is able to build its new economy in the face of the collapse of the Soviet Union. From 1927 through 1987, the economy of the Soviet Union operated under the foundational premise as set forth by Joseph Stalin, â€Å"†¦with only incidental modifications made between 1953 and 1987† (countrystudies.us, 2006). The control of the Soviet economy under Stalin represented the utilisation of the ‘Five Year Plan that represented the means for the country to mars hal its vast resources into materials for production (Ilin et al, 1931, p. 18). It was a backward country compared to Europe, primarily Britain, France, and the United States with relatively no internal infrastructure, factories, transportation systems, cities, and industry. The policies of the ‘five year plan have been argued as being one of the most effective means for pulling the then backward Soviet Union out of the eighteenth century, and into the twentieth century as it was such a vast undertaking (Ilin et al, 1931, pp. 27-31). In order to solidify their power the socialists had to find a means to implement real progress within the country as a demonstration of the vision, success, and foresight of their system in addressing the massive problems of the country In addition to the pressures from within, there were external pressures as represented by capitalists countries which were impacting upon internal pricing structures as a result of Russias inability to compe te in terms of productivity, and market efficiencies (James, 1937, pp. 197-207). The ‘five year plan represented a means via which the state could plan the progress of the country as well as administer its control policies, and solidify its absolute power. It, the five-year plan, represented â€Å"†¦the chief mechanisms the Soviet government used to translate economic policies into programs† (countrystudies.us, 2006). For over sixty years the Russian economy was controlled by the state under the principles of centralised planning, which represented virtual control over all aspects of production, investment as well as consumption (countrystudies.us, 2006). The central planning concept also served to enable the country to marshal its resources quickly, as demonstrated by the invasion by Nazi forces. But, the problems of centralised planning, and its abuses were also evident in that Soviet industry was able to purchase raw materials such as oil, coal, and nat ural gas at prices that were below the global market levels, thus encouraging waste, and inefficiencies (countrystudies.us, 2006). The appointment of Mikhial Gorbachev as the General Secretary of the Community Party in 1985 is hailed as the beginning of the demise of the Soviet Union as a result of his reform policies of glasnost, democratisation and most of all perestroika (Graham, 2007). Glasnost (1990) represented a policy that called for openness, maximisation of publicity, and transparency concerning the activities of the state, along with the implementation of freedom of information (Bettaux et al, 2004, p. 8). The preceding was put into effect by Gorbachev in an effort to reduce the internal corruption at the head of the Communist Party as well as government, and Central Committee (Bettaux et al, 2004, p. 10-14). Democratisation in Russia, as brought forth by Gorbachev, implied increased public discussions, primarily on cultural as well as economic issues, along wit h the increased interaction of leaders of the Communist party with the populace, and some liberalisation of personal freedoms and censorship relaxation (Ross, 2002, pp. 18-20). Gorbachev stated in 1989 that theâ€Å"†¦ republics rights of sovereignty were largely formal in nature. Up to now†, and he noted, â€Å"Our state has existed as a centralized and unitary state and none of us has yet the experience of living in a federation† (Kux, 1990, p. 2). Of all of Gorbachevs policies, perestroika is credited with becoming the unintended cat.

The Recognition of Shakuntala - 833 Words

Martina Guerra Response #1 The Recognition Of Shakuntala by Kalidasa Translated by Arthur W. Ryder 1/23/2013 The Recognition of Shakuntala The Recognition of Shakuntala is a story of how a young girl, Shakuntala falls in love with a King, King Dushyanta. The King runs into Shakuntala and her friends in the midst of a deer hunt. When Shakuntala first seen the king, she was instantly attracted to him. She felt butterflies in her stomach from just his presence, alone. The King was instantly attracted to her as well. He recited poetry about her continuously throughout Act One. Her arms are tender shoots; her lips Are blossoms red and warm; Bewitching youth begins to flower; In beauty on her form. He also states: To beauty such†¦show more content†¦If the child has the royal birthmarks she will know that she is telling the truth. That plan fails and she is sent away. The king later discovers the ring, by a fisherman, the man explains that he finds it in the river. The king smells the ring, it smells like decaying fish. He realizes the fisherman is telling the truth, and Shakuntala was as well. But Shakuntala is gone , its too late. He later sees her and his son in Hindu Heaven and he recognizes her there. The Protagonist of this play is Shakuntala. Initially she wants love and later she wants to prove to the king that she is truly his wife. The person that is most in the way of her wants is Durvasa. He has a short temper, and he got angry when Shakuntala did not welcome him in as a guest. She was too busy thinking about the King, and her love for him. He became angry and placed the curse on the king so that he wouldn t remember her. The conflict is that the king does not remember her. He tells her that she may stay until the baby is born so that he may see if the baby is born with the royal birthmarks, but after the baby was born, he still did not trust that she was his wife. Shakuntala was still sent away in spite of him seeing the baby. The themes in the play are of love, and loyalty and power. I see a connection of this story with Christianity. God doesn t like for anyone to put someone befo re him. He doesn t like for anyone to make false idols. I believe Shakuntala made the King an idol. In this sense I seeShow MoreRelatedCurses in Oedipus the King and Shakuntala and the Ring of Recollection1308 Words   |  5 Pagescreations of ancient myth are none other than Oedipus the King and Shakuntala and the Ring of Recollection. Oedipus the King is a Greek tragic drama by Sophocles and Oedipus the King is known as the perfect hero of tragedy in the sense he has suffered a misfortune of which he has no control. The play demonstrated human suffering and their inability to change the fate. It revolves around the name, fame and fate of Oedipus. 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Kalidasas plays like Shakuntala and Meghadoota are some of the older dramas, following those of Bhasa. One of the oldest surviving theatre traditions of the world is the 2,000 year old Kutiyattam of Kerala. It strictly follows the Natya Shastra.[91] NÄ tyÄ chÄ rya MÄ ni MÄ dhava ChÄ kyÄ r

Essay about Advantages of the Use of the Scientific Method...

Advantages of the use of the scientific method in psychology There are a number of advantages to using scientific methods in psychology. Firstly an important aspect of imperial data is that it is objective, i.e. not affected by expectations of the research. So, without objectivity we have no way of being certain that data collected is valid. An example of this is seen with Gardner amp; Gardner. When they observed Washoe they might have judged that Washoe was using real words because they wanted her to succeed, for that reason the Gardners developed a strict set of criteria to make judgements. This shows that through objectivity it allows for there to be no bias evident. Another advantage is that the scientific method allows for†¦show more content†¦Psychology then moved into a behaviourist approach which rejected the emphasis on both the conscious and unconscious mind. Instead, behaviourism strove to make psychology a more scientific discipline by focusing purely on observable behaviour. Pavlovs research with dogs led to his discovery of the classical conditioning process. Then the humanists came into play and the result was not simply new variations on psychodynamic theory, but rather a fundamentally new approach. The Humanistic Approach began in response to concerns by therapists against perceived limitations of Psychodynamic theories. They were different from other approaches because they showed emphasis on subjective meaning and a rejection of determinism. Finally the cognitive approach developed as a separate area within the discipline since the late 1950s and early 1960s following the cognitive revolution initiated by Chomskys critiqu e of behaviourism. It accepts the use of the scientific method, and generally rejects introspection as a valid method of investigation. Finally laboratory experiments are considered the most scientific method of research as it allows research to be controlled; objective and replicable. Whereas the least scientific method is considered to be case studies, these generalise from one person’s experiences and often let the researcher become ‘attached’ to the subject. ForShow MoreRelatedCharles Darwin s Theory Of Psychology1228 Words   |  5 Pages1. What roles did Wundt and James play in establishing psychology? Wilhelm Wundt played a key role in establishing psychology after his book Principles of Physiological Psychology argued that psychology should be studied as it s own distinct scientific discipline rather than a sub-category of physiology. In 1879, Wundt founded the first laboratory of scientific psychological research at the University of Leipzig. 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A Girls Best Friend free essay sample

My best friend is Mo. Shes cute, good looking and not talk too much with the person that she isnt known very well. When you see her first time you might think shes hard to get along with but actually if you understand she well you will know that it isnt like what you see. She has a good smile, big eyes and pretty long hair that will let people want to be friend with her when they see her. In addition, Mo is a responsible person. She always takes care of her Jobs well and finishes the work on time. Shes hard working and organized. She can manage the time very well and everything is in her schedule. Moreover, shes reliable sometime Ill talk to her some secrets and she can keep the secret very well and wont talk to others. I think she is a really nice friend. We will write a custom essay sample on A Girls Best Friend or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page What is more, Mo is a really good friend for me. Shes the person who understands me well. Shes always beside me when Im upset, listen to me and help me every time when I need help. When I have problem she will give me some advices and help me to solve the problem.Even when I dont understand in the lesson she explained patiently for me to understand every time. I think Im really lucky that I have met Mo and Im very happy we are friend and I think we will be friend forever. To summarizes, I think Mo Is a nice person. She has good appearance, personality and Im very happy that I can be friend with Mo who Is cute, responsible and always help me In everything. Finally, I think friend Is really Important for me and I hope we can be friend forever. But It made my day.

Speech Recognition free essay sample

Speech is the vocalized form of human Harvery Fletcher and Homer Dudley communication. It is based upon the ?rmly established the importance of the syntactic combination of lexicals and signal spectrum for reliable identi? cation names that are drawn from very large of the phonetic nature of a speech sound. (usually about 10,000 different words) Following the convention established by vocabularies. Each spoken word is these two outstanding scientists, most created out of the phonetic combination modern systems and algorithms for of a limited set of vowel and consonant speech recognition are based on the  speech sound units. These vocabularies, concept of measurement of the (time- the syntax which structures them, and varying) speech power spectrum (or its their set of speech sound units differ, variants such as the cepstrum), in part creating the existence of many thousands due to the fact that measurement of the of different types of mutually unintelligible power spectrum from a signal is relatively human languages [1]. We will write a custom essay sample on Speech Recognition or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page easy to accomplish with modern digital The speech is the quintessential form of signal processing techniques. Due the human communication, is what has drive increased on the processing power at the  the human race so far, talking about it on CPU on the modern computers this task technology is also and important subject become more and more every day, to study. On 1874, the experiments allowing to concentrated on the task of conduced by Alexander Graham Bell interpreting the speech and responding to proves that the frequency harmonics from actions from it than to await for an electrical signal can be divided, this processing the speech patterns. was the foundation that later on leads to The Problem with Automatic Speech the digitalization of the speech, entering. Recognition (ARS) is in writing computer  on the Speech Recognition era. programs that can comprehend a sound 1 wave and reproduced the same spectrogram or a spectrum analyzer, sequence of words that a person would though in vowels spoken with a high hear when listening to the same sound, fundamental frequency, as in a female or this means de? ne an association child voice, the frequency of the between the acoustic features of sounds resonance may lie between the widely- and the words people perceive. spread harmonics and hence no peak is visible. Speech Recognizers In 1952, Davis, Biddulph, and Balashek The ? st attempts to design systems for  of Bell Laboratories built a system for automatic speech recognition were isolated digit recognition for a single mostly guide by the theory of acoustic- speaker, using the formant frequencies phonetics. That is a sub? eld of phonetics measured (or estimated) during vowel which deals with acoustic aspects of regions of each digit [2], this system work speech sounds. Acoustic phonetics with the formant trajectories along the investigates properties like the mean dimensions of the ? rst and the second squared amplitude of a waveform, its formant frequencies for each of the ten duration, its fundamental frequency, or  digits, one-nine and 0, respectively. other properties of its frequency. These trajectories served as the spectrum, and the relationship of these â€Å"reference pattern† for determining the properties to other branches of phonetics, identity of an unknown digit utterance as and to abstract linguistic concepts like the best matching digit. phones, phrases, or utterances [3]. In another early recognition system Fry Another important term during the and Denes, at University College in process of speech recognition is the England, built a phoneme recognizer to formant o formants that in speech  recognize 4 vowels and 9 consonants. By science and phonetics, is used to mean incorporating statistical information about an acoustic resonance of the human allowable phoneme sequences in vocal tract. It is often measured as an English, they increased the overall amplitude peak in the frequency phoneme recognition accuracy for words spectrum of the sound, using a consisting of two or more phonemes, this through the supplying of the system with 2 previous entries or by basically training programming, in numerous variant forms the system to know the vowels and the as the Viterbi algorithm, this one is a  consonants by repetition as we do now dynamic programming algorithm for with the neural networks. This work ?nding the most likely sequence of marked the ? rst use of statistical syntax hidden states – called the Viterbi path – (at the phoneme level) in automatic that results in a sequence of observed speech recognition [2]. events, especially in the context of An alternative to the use of a speech Markov information sources and hidden segmenter was the concept of adopting a Markov models, has become an non-uniform time scale for aligning indispensable technique in automatic speech patterns. This concept started to speech recognition. In speech-to-text gain acceptance in the 1960’s through (speech recognition), the acoustic signal the work Speech Recognition by Feature is treated as the observed sequence of Abstraction Techniques by Tom Martin at events, and a string of text is considered RCA Laboratories in witch he recognized to be the hidden cause of the acoustic the need to deal with the temporal non- signal. The Viterbi algorithm   the uniformity in repeated speech events and most likely string of text given the suggested a range of solutions, including acoustic signal [4].  detection of utterance endpoints, which 4. Hidden Markov Model greatly enhanced the reliability of the The widespread popularity of the HMM recognizer performance and Speech framework can be attributed to its simple Discrimination by Dynamic Programming algorithmic structure, which is straight- by Vintsyuk in the Soviet Union, proposed forward to implement, and to its clear the use of dynamic programming for time performance superiority over alternative alignment between two utterances in recognition structures. As part of this a order to derive a meaningful assessment speech-recognition task is often  of their similarity. Others proposed taxonomized according to its different methods like dynamic time requirements in handling speci? c or warping, in speech pattern matching nonspeci? c talkers (speaker-dependent Since the late 1970’s, mainly due to the vs. speaker-independent) and in publication by Sakoe and Chiba, dynamic 3 accepting only isolated utterances or multiple acoustic features at a single ?uent speech (isolated word vs. point in time in a way that has not connected word). Systems based on previously been exploited in discrete- HMM have been demonstrated to be able  observation Hidden Markov Models. to achieve 96% word accuracy. These 6. Conclusion results sometimes rival human The DBN and HMM are the biggest ways performance and thus, of course, af? rm of working with Automatic Speech the potential usefulness of an automatic Recognition, those are the precursors of speech-recognition system in designated the neural networks that now a days are applications[7]. trying to make the switch of the old We also have to take in consideration systems that still pretty accurate. when we are talking about Hidden Markov Model, that this one is, one of the  most simple Dynamic Bayesian Networks, so using a more complex DBN we can achieve better result, just because the complexity found on those networks. Dynamic Bayesian Networks Over the last twenty years, probabilistic emerged as the method of choice for large-scale speech recognition tasks in two dominant forms: hidden Markov models (Rabiner b: Juang 1993), and neural networks with explicitly probabilistic interpretations (Bourlard Morgan 1994; Robinson Fallside 1991) [6]. This change is mainly due the fact that Dynamic Bayesian Networks are able to model the correlations among

Free Essays on African Americans

The cultural differences between whites and blacks are the root of many problems. Most, but not all, blacks in the United States today can trace their roots to West Africa. During the 17th, 18th, and 19th century, many Africans were torn from their family and homes, shipped to America, and sold as slaves. These are the only migrants that came to the U.S. against their will. Slave owners thought of slaves as not humans, but more like animals, having a lower form of life. The whites did this so that they could justify themselves in â€Å"owning† these people. Slave owners wanted to think of themselves as good, moral, religious people and based this animal-like justification on racial differences. Largely these differences were focused on skin color, hair texture, and some other physical attributes. These differences were used as â€Å"proof† that blacks were not really people. These misconceptions mentioned above were the beginning of endless injustices, psychological and social problems, and racism. These problems would continue from generation to generation and plague the black people as well as the white people. It caused a system of inferior housing, schools, health care, jobs, and life in general, and is still visible to this day. Slavery formally ended in 1863, and unfortunately did not have an effect on racism or discrimination. If it did, it was for the worse. Despite hardships during and after slavery, most blacks made valiant efforts to keep family ties. They produced stable units and kept strong values amongst each other regardless of blood affiliation. From the start, relationship between blacks and law enforcement officers was negative. Officers’ interaction with blacks was to return them to their owners when escaped, administer harsh punishment when even a petty offense occurred, and enforce specialty laws that restricted blacks from entering certain buildings, going certain places, or engaging in certai... Free Essays on African Americans Free Essays on African Americans The cultural differences between whites and blacks are the root of many problems. Most, but not all, blacks in the United States today can trace their roots to West Africa. During the 17th, 18th, and 19th century, many Africans were torn from their family and homes, shipped to America, and sold as slaves. These are the only migrants that came to the U.S. against their will. Slave owners thought of slaves as not humans, but more like animals, having a lower form of life. The whites did this so that they could justify themselves in â€Å"owning† these people. Slave owners wanted to think of themselves as good, moral, religious people and based this animal-like justification on racial differences. Largely these differences were focused on skin color, hair texture, and some other physical attributes. These differences were used as â€Å"proof† that blacks were not really people. These misconceptions mentioned above were the beginning of endless injustices, psychological and social problems, and racism. These problems would continue from generation to generation and plague the black people as well as the white people. It caused a system of inferior housing, schools, health care, jobs, and life in general, and is still visible to this day. Slavery formally ended in 1863, and unfortunately did not have an effect on racism or discrimination. If it did, it was for the worse. Despite hardships during and after slavery, most blacks made valiant efforts to keep family ties. They produced stable units and kept strong values amongst each other regardless of blood affiliation. From the start, relationship between blacks and law enforcement officers was negative. Officers’ interaction with blacks was to return them to their owners when escaped, administer harsh punishment when even a petty offense occurred, and enforce specialty laws that restricted blacks from entering certain buildings, going certain places, or engaging in certai...

Thinking critically Simulation Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Thinking critically Simulation Review - Essay Example importance weighing, intuition, and imagining were all problem evaluation tools and techniques that were encountered in one form or another somewhere in the simulation. I would have probably used the same techniques, only I would have added the following to the mix: cause-and-effect diagrams, check sheets, group think, multivoting, value analysis, and visualizing. Adding visuals such as diagrams and check sheets can help a wider audience to understand the plans that are to be implemented. They are also a better form of organization for a business to follow. They allowed managers to see the big picture before making any major decisions that could affect hundreds of peoples’ lives. The also let managers consider what could happen if they choose to go in a certain direction rather than in another. This step is a very important part of any strategic planning process. Growth necessitates change. If a company wishes to grow and become profitable, they have to learn to make plans and stick with them unless the risk outweighs the benefits. The outcome reached in the simulation was not much more than to continue as usual, and this simply will not work for the long-term. Things are not going to get any better, and will in fact get much worse, if the store chooses to take this route. People in the company, especially management, simply cannot continue to be afraid of change. If they resist it too much, chances are that they will go under in a very short period of time. This is definitely not the goal of the company. The proposed changes would allow management to consider the benefits and risks in a much deeper light. When this is done, better strategic decisions can be made. It is difficult to make good judgment calls without hardcore and factual data written, drawn, or printed up where managers can physically look at it and evaluate the consequences of their actions. There are several major problems that are presented in the simulation. The junior

Wilsons & Clyde Coal Company v English Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Wilsons & Clyde Coal Company v English - Essay Example The tug captain, who was employed by the Dutch company, carelessly mishandled the tug movement resulting in the injuries sustained by the claimant. The Court sided with the claimant notwithstanding that the injuries was caused by the tug captain, who was not under its employ, on the ground that the responsibility to keep a safe system of work was its personal responsibility and therefore, non-delegable. An action for breach of statutory duties necessarily requires that the employer has breached a provision of a statute or law. An equally important consideration in this action is the determination that the statute itself contemplates granting the claimant a right to a civil action. Thus, in one of the earliest of cases involving breach of statute, Grove v Lord Wimbourne,   the Court held that if the criminal statute, in this case the Factory and Workshop Act 1878, is found to be intended to provide civil remedy, then that statute can be made applicable to action for injuries sustain ed in the employment. However, the fact that many of these statutes do not actually specifically state whether private law is applicable or not makes the breach of statutory duty particularly difficult to pursue. In X and others (minors) v Bedforshire County Council,   a controversial HL decision which was subsequently criticised by the ECHR, the Court held, inter alia, that private law cause of action can arise if it is shown that the statute protects a limited class of citizens and Parliament.... However, the fact that many of these statutes do not actually specifically state whether private law is applicable or not makes the breach of statutory duty particularly difficult to pursue. In X and others (minors) v Bedforshire County Council,6 a controversial HL decision which was subsequently criticised by the ECHR, the Court held, inter alia, that private law cause of action can arise if it is shown that the statute protects a limited class of citizens and Parliament intended to confer to them such a right of action. A breach of statute case may be employed in Jack’s case on the basis of The Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations 1998, regulations, which the Secretary of State issued under the power conferred on him by the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974. Said regulations provide, inter alia, that equipment that carries specific risks shall be assigned for use only by specific persons who had prior training for its use. More significantly, the statute provides that it is the responsibility of the employer to ensure that dangerous parts of any machine used in the workplace should not have any access to any of the parts of the body of the worker, which could be done either by installing fixed guards or other protective parts.7 Although there is no express conferment of the right to bring an action of civil liability, there is a presumption that such will lie as was held in Thornton v Kirklees Metropolitan Borough Council.8 The Court held in that case that where the statute imposes a duty on an entity for the purpose of benefiting a specific class of persons, but does not expressly provide a form of relief, a civil action for damages is presumed to be

Factors Determining Self-Categorization Essay Example for Free

Factors Determining Self-Categorization Essay This current outline is well organized and to the point, however, it may be so to the point, as to leave the research questions only partially answered. An introduction of the questions that are to be answered, along with information that can be gleaned from the readings may be helpful. Adding a literature review section or, at the very least, a bibliography would help to show an audience where the information was gathered and show more credibility. The five categories already in place in the outline, (definition, factors determining self categorization, creation of discrimination and intergroup conflicts, case study, and measures to reduce discrimination) are perfectly ordered to flow in a presentation and need no changes, except minor grammatical alterations. â€Å"Definition† should be changed to â€Å"Definitions† and â€Å"Case Study† should be changed to â€Å"Case Studies†, since there are several in each of the two categories. There are other minor changes that need to be made, as well, to be grammatically correct throughout. In addition, â€Å"Definitions† and â€Å"Case Studies† both need expansion in their sub-categories, as the case studies only give an idea of the group being studied but no further information. In the â€Å"Factors determining self-categorization† category, the three factors are very vague and need more concrete information and/or examples. Since the presentation requires an in-depth analysis of self-categorization factors, this section should be more comprehensive. It would be helpful to look at a textbook chapter and see how each chapter is summarized for study, the outline should be this inclusive and be easily understood by an audience member that may have no knowledge of the subject matter. The second most important area of this presentation is whether an identity leads to discriminatory behavior and intergroup conflicts. Looking at both the individual level and the social level is a wise idea and helps to educate the audience that this is a socio-psychological issue. However, an introduction that states that these processes of identity and conflict are both psychological and sociological would help this section flow more easily and confusion over complex theories could be avoided. Also, in both the â€Å"Creation of discrimination and intergroup conflicts† and â€Å"Measures to reduce discrimination† categories, new terms and theories are introduced. These terms should all either be better explained, added as part of the definitions section, or put into the introduction that is absent from this outline. The introduction could simply give a statement of purpose, showing the audience that the two major questions will be answered (those being what factors determine self-categorization and whether an identity leads to discriminatory behavior and intergroup conflicts). The theories and terms that will be used to answer the questions should be stated initially to avoid the abrupt and incomplete definitions that exist. It is also good to look at these questions as research questions with secondary data analysis used to come to conclusions. This is why a literature review or bibliography (with citations throughout the outline) would be very beneficial. The articles below in this reference section are wonderful to use and direct citations from their analyses would help to show that the research questions can and have been answered in different ways. The presentation requires an in depth analysis and correct staging of the compiled information. The outline, therefore, not only helps the audience understand the presentation’s purpose, but also helps the presenters to easily and readily disseminate all their hard work and information. References Brown, Rupert. â€Å"Intergroup Relations† Reynolds, K. J. Turner, J. C. (2001). â€Å"Prejudice as a Group Process: The Role of Social Identity† in M. Augustinos K. J. Reynolds (eds). Understanding Prejudice, Racism, and Social Conflict. London: Sage. pp 159-178.

Dunciad: Mock epic and parallels to Rape of the Lock (another satire) E

The Dunciad: A Mock Epic? Honors English   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The fourth book of the Dunciad describes the fall and slow death of the English society that once taught him all the things he knew. He lashes out at his critics, accusers, and nay Sayers in his allegorical poem. It symbolizes a mock epic because of the elaborate use of words, calling on inspiration from a higher force, and using his work not so much to tell a story, but to point out the faults of a social order that can’t or chooses not to see what they’re really doing.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It opens with: â€Å"Yet, yet a moment, one dim ray of light Indulge, dread Chaos, and eternal Night!† [Line 1, A.P.] â€Å"Suspend a while your force inertly strong, Then take at once the Poet, and the song.† [Line 7, A.P.] In tradition of the epic, Alexander calls for the aide of an outside power. He doesn’t follow the rules completely, and replaces the muse with Chaos and Night, but does this only to enforce what he’s trying to do with his point and gives you a picture of where he’s going next. In epics, there’s always a battle or a scene that is brazenly described, adding drama, making it a little more important and draws the reader in. When Alexander Pope describes the room as the educators stand before the Goddess, and the scene where Dullness triumphs over everything that breathes life into human creativity, he makes it a point to describe each scene as a play-by-play battle in itself. An advocate of the empr...

Al Capone Does My Shirts

He has an autistic sister called Natalie. They move to an apartment at â€Å"The Rock† after their father is able to work as an electrician at Alcatraz. What follows after are the series of escapades that Moose experiences which exposes him to several scrupulous deals making him compromise his integrity.Moose is intrigued that Al Capone lives in one of the prison cells where he lives and so are the other children. They eagerly pay money to have their clothes laundered by Scarface. He still has connections with other people behind bars of Alcatraz and he is able to help Moose.Moose reasoned in a manner that proves quite helpful in the sense that there is a cognitive behavior that the child manifests through obvious exploring and reconstruction of past events. Most of the children there are receptive to new learnings once new opportunities present themselves.The presence of these dangerous criminals in the midst of children, even if these dangerous elements are locked up, give a sense of inner exhilaration to readers who never know what to expect next. Moos Flanagan himself is witty and funny, which makes his character blend well with the other characters in the story.The family experiences several difficulties as it tries to balance their day revolving around Natalie who is afflicted with autism and their other child.   Thus, there is a strange kind of blending between the children of the prison guards and a story that elicits compassion for a children’s story book. It may seem to be quite heavy on the criminal side of the men in prison, but the author gives us a natural, almost necessary kind of kindness for these men who also manage to show kindness to these people.Delinquent activities is not really a normal process of growing up but it is most of the time an impact of a different kind of peer pressure that young people experiences. Young people have different experiences of puberty and adolescence and this experience is in part influenced thr ough the support systems that surround young people.Most of the time, the family or other support systems would not be able to provide effective support system in terms of development of self-image; young people acquire affirmation through peers and other groups. In their wish to feel that they ‘belong’ to a group they commit deviant behaviors (Juvenile Crime).This means that in general, it is not really a normal process, but rather an impact of the difficulty of the family structures to support young people at this important stage of development towards adulthood. Children act like sponges in terms of imbibing information and acquiring knowledge—a generalization that seems to hold whether they are learning how to speak or how to display emotions.It is not a curse for Moose to be responsible as he is wont to think. It balances with his family and environment so he still grows up well-rounded. It has been mentioned that families who are mentally and physically hea lthy are fundamental to a child's optimal growth and education.The kindness of prisoners melts the hearts of readers as Al Capone himself arranges for the help he is going to give readers. Natalie is brought to other families where she learns to interact like any normal child would do. Even if the daughter of the warden is presented as manipulative, yet the author manages to give him a soft heart for the punishment.Of course, we cannot discount the fact that some children have become more aggressive, which is directly correlated with the escalating prominence of violence among adults. Moose’s father warns him to do good for his sister but Piper, the warden’s daughter makes his life miserable by involving him in a moneymaking scheme to have their schoolmates’ clothes laundered by convicts.Piper even goes to the extent to telling schoolmates that Al Capone, the great gangster, may even be the one to wash their clothes.The story is heart-rending as readers are affo rded a glimpse of the relationship between Moose and his sister. We see the concern he has for his sister and is worth emulating. The setting of the story, even is quite serious for a children’s book prepares young readers for more serious themes as they grow up.Children acquire abilities to aggression more readily through constant exposure because they tend to imitate what they constantly see or read. Without doubt, the story plays a potent role on how children respond to different circumstances that they may have watched, read, or listened to.Oftentimes, the behaviors depicted in this story are extremely aggressive. Yet, this story breaks the belief that children believe that aggression is the only solution to a particular situation they are in.Living in a time and culture in which violence infuses numerous facets of society in both fiction and reality—verbal, visual, overt, and implied—and considering the ubiquity and prevalence of all forms of violence aroun d us, exposure to serious themes through the children’s books evidently casts some negative impact upon children. Yet, this book becomes a compassionate read that makes children want to emulate the kindness shown by the main character, Moose.REFERENCECholdenko, G. (March 30, 2004). Al Capone Does my Shirts. Putnam Juvenile   

Community Crime Profile Survey Essay - 2427 Words

Community Crime Profile Survey with Questions nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The small community of Hasbrouck Heights, NJ is the one square mile home to a comparatively tiny population of approximately 7,600 people, including myself. I live on a residential street of this small suburban town where a great threat of danger and harm has never really been associated with its name. The crime rate on the city-data.com crime index is a minute 35.6 when compared to the U.S. average of 330.6. In the year of 2002 Wood-Ridge did not experience any murders, rapes, or robberies, and only 1 assault, 35 larceny counts, and 7 auto thefts. This is the main reason why all parties who were surveyed either felt very safe or somewhat safe living their lives†¦show more content†¦Residents feel that the youths hanging out is just a brewing pot for trouble. This problem can be fixed by many members of the community with one major idea, give the kids something to do! The town already has in place what is referred to as â€Å"Teen Nights,† hel d by the Hasbrouck Heights Recreation Commission. The problem with these â€Å"Teen Nights† is that it involves a minute amount of the teens in this area. It involves only 7th and 8th graders. What about the high schoolers? They’re the ones who get bored most easily. To resolve this problem, the need for community support is at its peak. If different organizations would pitch in and sponsor some special nights for the teens to get together, there would be fewer nights for kids to roam the streets. The churches could pitch in by opening up their basements, for a few nights throughout the year and hold different functions, like dances or have guest speakers or comedians. The YMCA program that is offered to children in the elementary school could be expanded to the twelfth grade, not only providing a place for youth to go, but a place where they can be active. Also local restaurants can hold such things as a dinner dance every once in a while only expecting a small fee in return. Another place that could be rented out for teens can be the halls where Knights of Columbus, the VFW, or the Elks club resides. Another predominant group who can become involved areShow MoreRelatedProfessional Racism and Discrimination1117 Words   |  5 Pagesbelieving an individual is suspicious of committing a crime. Discriminatory or abusive behavior towards people of color affects the justice system and violates people’s human rights. The LAPD continues to use racial profiling against mostly African-Americans and Latinos. The use of racial profiling by the LAPD prevents the police from serving the whole community. 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